Parsing as Reduction

We reduce phrase-representation parsing to dependency parsing. Our reduction is grounded on a new intermediate representation, "head-ordered dependency trees", shown to be isomorphic to constituent trees. By encoding order information in the dependency labels, we show that any off-the-shelf, trainable dependency parser can be used to produce constituents. When this parser is non-projective, we can perform discontinuous parsing in a very natural manner. Despite the simplicity of our approach, experiments show that the resulting parsers are on par with strong baselines, such as the Berkeley parser for English and the best single system in the SPMRL-2014 shared task. Results are particularly striking for discontinuous parsing of German, where we surpass the current state of the art by a wide margin

Measurements of \gamma \gamma \to \mbox{Higgs} and γγ→W+W−\gamma \gamma \to W^{+}W^{-} in e+e−e^{+}e^{-} collisions at the Future Circular Collider

The measurements of the two-photon production of the Higgs boson and of $W^{\pm}$ boson pairs in $e^{+}e^{-}$ collisions at the Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee) are investigated. The processes $e^{+}e^{-}\xrightarrow{\gamma \gamma}e^+\,{\rm H}\,e^-,e^+\,{\rm W^+W^-}\,e^-$ are computed using the effective photon approximation for electron-positron beams, and studied in their ${\rm H}\to b\bar{b}$ and ${\rm W^+W^-}\to 4j$ decay final-states including parton showering and hadronization, jet reconstruction, $e^\pm$ forward tagging, and realistic experimental cuts. After selection criteria, up to 75 Higgs bosons and 6600 $\rm W^{\pm}$ pairs will be reconstructed on top of controllable continuum backgrounds at $\sqrt{s} =$240 and 350 GeV for the total expected integrated luminosities, by tagging the scattered $e^\pm$ with near-beam detectors. A 5$\sigma$ observation of $\gamma \gamma \to$H is thereby warranted, as well as high-statistics studies of triple $\rm \gamma WW$ and quartic $\rm \gamma\gamma WW$ electroweak couplings, improving by at least factors of 2 and 10 the current limits on dimension-6 anomalous quartic gauge couplings.Comment: Presented at EDS Blois 2017 Conference , Prague, Czech Republic, June 26--30, 201

Prospects for γγ→\gamma\gamma\to Higgs observation in ultraperipheral ion collisions at the Future Circular Collider

We study the two-photon production of the Higgs boson, $\rm \gamma\gamma\to H$, at the Future Circular Collider (FCC) in ultraperipheral PbPb and pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 39$ and 63 TeV. Signal and background events are generated with MADGRAPH 5, including $\gamma$ fluxes from the proton and lead ions in the equivalent photon approximation, yielding $\rm \sigma(\gamma\gamma\to H)$ = 1.75 nb and 1.5 pb in PbPb and pPb collisions respectively. We analyse the H$\,\to b\bar{b}$ decay channel including realistic reconstruction efficiencies for the final-state $b$-jets, showered and hadronized with PYTHIA 8, as well as appropriate selection criteria to reduce the dominant exclusive $\gamma\gamma\to b\bar{b}$ continuum background. Observation of $\rm PbPb\xrightarrow{\gamma\gamma}(Pb)\,H\,(Pb)$ is achievable in the first year with the expected PbPb integrated luminosities.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures. PHOTON'17, CERN Proceedings, to appear. References adde

Higgs boson production in photon-photon interactions with proton, light-ion, and heavy-ion beams at current and future colliders

The production of the Higgs boson in photon-photon interactions with proton and nucleus beams at three planned or proposed future CERN colliders --- the high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), the high-energy LHC (HE-LHC), and the Future Circular Collider (FCC) --- is studied. The cross sections for the process AA$\xrightarrow{\gamma\gamma}$(A)H(A), with the ions A surviving the interaction and the Higgs scalar exclusively produced, are computed with MadGraph 5 modified to include the corresponding elastic $\gamma$ fluxes, for Pb-Pb, Xe-Xe, Kr-Kr, Ar-Ar, O-O, p-Pb, and p-p over the nucleon-nucleon collision energy range $\sqrt{s}\approx 3$--100 TeV. Simulations of the $\gamma\gamma\to H \to b\bar{b}$ decay mode --- including realistic (mis)tagging and reconstruction efficiencies for the final-state b-jets, as well as appropriate kinematical selection criteria to reduce the similarly computed $\gamma\gamma\to b\bar{b},c\bar{c},q\bar{q}$ continuum backgrounds --- have been carried out. Taking into account the expected luminosities for all systems, the yields and significances for observing the Higgs boson in ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) are estimated. At the HL-LHC and HE-LHC, the colliding systems with larger Higgs significance are Ar-Ar(6.3 TeV) and Kr-Kr(12.5 TeV) respectively, but $3\sigma$ evidence for two-photon Higgs production would require 200 and 30 times larger integrated luminosities than those planned today at both machines. Factors of ten can be gained by running for a year, rather than the typical 1-month heavy-ion LHC operation, but the process will likely remain unobserved until a higher energy hadron collider, such as the FCC, is built. In the latter machine, the $5\sigma$ observation of Higgs production in UPCs is feasible in just the first nominal run of Pb-Pb and p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 39$ and 63 TeV respectively.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. Minor mods. to match final PRD versio

The step Sidorenko property and non-norming edge-transitive graphs

Sidorenko's Conjecture asserts that every bipartite graph H has the Sidorenko property, i.e., a quasirandom graph minimizes the density of H among all graphs with the same edge density. We study a stronger property, which requires that a quasirandom multipartite graph minimizes the density of H among all graphs with the same edge densities between its parts; this property is called the step Sidorenko property. We show that many bipartite graphs fail to have the step Sidorenko property and use our results to show the existence of a bipartite edge-transitive graph that is not weakly norming; this answers a question of Hatami [Israel J. Math. 175 (2010), 125-150].Comment: Minor correction on page

Choosing between time and state dependence: micro evidence on firms' price-reviewing strategies

Thanks to recent findings based on survey data, it is now well known that firms differ from each other with respect to their price-reviewing strategies. While some firms review their prices at fixed intervals of time, others prefer to perform price revisions in response to changes in economic conditions. In order to explain this fact, some theories have been suggested in the literature. However, empirical evidence on the relative importance of the factors determining firms’ different strategies is virtually nonexistent. This paper contributes to filling this gap by investigating the factors that explain why firms follow time-, state- or time- and state-dependent price-reviewing rules. We find that firms’ strategies vary with firm characteristics that have a bearing on the importance of information costs, the variability of the optimal price and the sensitivity of profits to non-optimal prices. Menu costs, however, do not seem to play a significant role. JEL Classification: C41, D40, E31information costs, menu costs, multinomial probit, Price stickiness, survey data

Accounting For Endogenous Search Behavior in Matching Function Estimation

We show that equilibrium matching models imply that standard estimates of the matching function elasticities are exposed to an endogeneity bias, which arises from the search behavior of agents on either side of the market. We offer an estimation method which, under certain assumptions, is immune from that bias. Application of our method to the estimation of a basic version of the matching function using aggregate U.S. data from the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) suggests that the bias is quantitatively important.matching function estimation, unemployment, vacancies, job finding

Produção de biodiesel a partir de matérias-primas ácidas e de gorduras animais

A produção de energia a partir de fontes renováveis tornou-se num objectivo essencial para a sustentabilidade económica, social e ambiental do mundo actual. O biodiesel é uma dessas fontes renováveis que pode substituir o diesel fóssil. A principal via de produção do biodiesel é através de uma reacção de transesterificação de óleos vegetais, óleos alimentares usados ou gorduras animais por reacção com um álcool na presença de um catalisador alcalino. Contudo, a utilização de matérias-primas com um teor em ácidos gordos livres superior a cerca de 4% (8mg KOH/g óleo) inviabiliza a possibilidade de efectuar directamente a reacção de transesterificação básica das gorduras e obriga à realização de um pré-tratamento para redução da acidez inicial da amostra. Assim, este trabalho teve como principal objectivo estudar a possibilidade de produzir diesel a partir de matérias-primas alternativas como as gorduras vegetais com elevados teores em ácidos gordos livres após esterificação com glicerina e uma gordura animal de baixa acidez, conseguindo-se assim a valorização de um resíduo e ao mesmo tempo a diminuição do custo de produção do biodiesel. Após ensaios preliminares, a esterificação com glicerina foi estudada aplicando a metodologia do planeamento factorial dos ensaios. Nos ensaios preliminares foi analisado o efeito da temperatura, da percentagem de catalisador, da velocidade de agitação, da percentagem de excesso de glicerina e do tipo de catalisador na acidez da amostra. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que é possível reduzir o índice de acidez de 30% (60 mg KOH/g gordura) para 8% (4 mg KOH/g gordura) trabalhando a 220° C, 10% de excesso de glicerina e 0,2% de catalisador (zinco) em apenas 90 minutos de reacção. A transesterificação básica do produto obtido na esterificação com glicerina não permitiu produzir um biodiesel que cumprisse a Norma Europeia de qualidade do biodiesel no que diz respeito à pureza, acidez e teor em água. De facto, nas condições mais favoráveis, que corresponderam à utilização da razão molar de metanol/gordura de 12:1 e 1% de catalisador, foi possível produzir um biodiesel com um teor em ésteres metílicos de 94.7% e 1.1% de ácidos gordos livres. Por último, os ensaios de transesterificação com a gordura animal mostraram que estas gorduras são uma matéria-prima com grandes potencialidades para serem utilizadas na produção de biodiesel. Assim, utilizando condições operatórias idênticas às utilizadas para os óleos virgens (0.6% de metóxido de sódio catalisador e uma razão molar de metanol de 6:1) foi possível produzir em apenas 30 minutos de reacção um biodiesel com um teor em ésteres superior a 98%

La letra como signo de identidad visual corporativa

Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade Técnica de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Design.Atendiendo a las premisas del Diseño de Comunicación, el diseñador es el mediador indirecto del mensaje corporativo. El diseñador se ocupa del proyecto de Identidad Visual Corporativa, seleccionando y manipulando los códigos intersubjetivos que permitan la correcta decodificación en determinado contexto. El proyecto de Identidad Visual Corporativa se refiere a un sistema de signos gráficos integrados que ganan un nuevo sentido semántico conjunto. Desde la perspectiva del Diseño, la tipografía corporativa es un signo de identidad, que influye en la materialización del posicionamiento grafico-semántico del proyecto de Identidad Visual Corporativa. Pero no existen datos sobre la capacidad gráfica de la letra en influir sobre la definición de la Imagen Corporativa. Esta Tesis pretende comprender el proceso de codificación y decodificación de los signos tipográficos en el ámbito de los proyectos de Identidad Visual Corporativa y de identificar sus connotaciones de base. Para ello, el designio de los diseñadores es confrontado con la percepción pública, con el fin de obtener datos sobre significados denotativos y connotativos creados por la tipografía corporativa y su influencia en la definición de la Imagen Corporativa. Definido en función de una hipótesis, el proceso metodológico ha comprendido una fase de Investigación No Intervencionista y otra Intervencionista. La Investigación No Intervencionista, se basó en Estudio de Casos, en un cuestionario destinado a un público general que excluye diseñadores, estudiantes de diseño o publicistas, intentando identificar las connotaciones de base y secundarias de los logotipos, y posteriormente evaluar las tipografías corporativas usadas en los logotipos, sin interferencia del nombre de marca. La Investigación Activa ha consistido en el experimento por la práctica de principios y conceptos examinados en la literatura especializada. Los datos obtenidos han permitido comprender mejor el proceso de codificación y decodificación gráfica, así como proponer un método de soporte al diseño y evaluación de los proyectos de Identidad Visual Corporativa.Este trabalho de investigação contou com o apoio da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologi